Operationalize Sustainability Essay Example for Free

Operationalize Sustainability Essay â€Å"We must endeavor to become frameworks masterminds in the event that we are to profit by the interrelationships of the triple main concern of maintainability: strategic, and community† (supportability. armed force. mil). Welcome to the Army methodology for the earth. As probably the biggest association in America, the Army has joined the development towards maintainability. With 4 accessible assets, 5 utilitarian zones and 7 projects and execution devices, the Army is flooding forward with applying supportability rehearses. The reason for this work is to disclose into the Army’s P2, or Pollution Prevention program, just as giving substitute proposals on forestalling waste. Contamination Prevention (P2) is characterized as the precise exertion to limit, or dispose of inside and out, process squander and different poisons before that are produced (armed force. mil). P2 is a program that is only one apparatus to help accomplish manageability. This program can be applied to pretty much every perspective from field preparing, lodging, family life, establishment activities and weapons creations. To operationalize the P2 program, the Army has applied the essential standards of contamination counteraction just as built up the P2 progressive system: lessen, reuse, reuse and arrange in a naturally sheltered way. The primary goal in the progressive system is decrease. The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) characterizes this as â€Å"Any practice which 1) lessens the measure of any perilous substance, toxin, or contaminant entering any waste stream or in any case discharged into the earth (counting criminal emanations) preceding reusing, treatment, or removal; and 2) diminishes the risks to open ealth and the earth related with the arrival of such substances, poisons, or contaminants. The term incorporates hardware or innovation alterations, procedure or system adjustments, reformulation or overhaul of items, replacement of crude materials, and enhancements in housekeeping, support, preparing, or stock control† (armed force. mil) In the P2 program, this definition is applied to the expansive objective of diminishing or disposing of the ecological effects of devouring assets and the waste that is created from it. This waste can emerge out of Army vehicle support, for example, oil changes or leaving PCs and lights on toward the finish of the work day. Reuse and reuse in progression are intended for contamination that can't be forestalled. For this situation, contamination ought to be treated in a naturally sheltered way at whatever point practical. â€Å"The assets of a country must be continually overseen: extended at that point accumulated, assembled then disseminated every individual or gathering in some cases picking up, at times losing, however consistently approached reasonably and with deference. (O’Toole, 1993, p. 108) For instance, Fort Bragg Army base in North Carolina has constructed a whole town out of materials reused or redirected from the Fort Bragg landfill. This reused â€Å"trash† town is utilized in preparing and planning troops for arrangement. In the event that the initial three moves can't be made, the last advance in the P2 progressive system is to removal, evacuation and release of contamination into the earth ought to be utilized distinctly if all else fails and ought to be directed in an ecologically protected way. We will take a gander at how these issues have emerged, and how they are for the most part side effects of a method of living that we have underestimated, which has created incredible advancement yet additionally developing side effects† (Senge, 2008, p. 10) While this program and numerous others are giving the Army progresses the correct way toward manageability, there are different endeavors that can be made to help forestall squander. In supportability, squander isn't held to waste alone. Waste can be the pointless utilization of, or debasement, of assets. For the Army, a recommendation for anticipation can be checking the utilization of hardware. Every office in the military has a few PCs since the military discusses to a great extent with messages, share drives and electronic preparing and work force records. These PCs are ceaselessly on for the duration of the day, much after work force return home. â€Å"U. S. associations waste $2. 8 billion every year to control unused machines, transmitting around 20 million tons of carbon dioxide†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Swartz, 2009) now and again, for example, medical clinics with move laborers, there might be a requirement for dynamic PCs. In different cases, the Army can execute a clock, modified for the finish of a move, to kill all PCs. The special case might be to leave one on for extra utilization of individuals working late, however the others would consequently close off, sparing the vitality use as opposed to having PCs in rest mode for the duration of the night. â€Å"Simply closing down PCs around evening time can spare an organization with 10,000 PCs over $260,000 per year and 1,871 tons of carbon dioxide emanations, the report says. (Swartz, 2009) The equivalent goes for radios, printers, faxes, superfluous apparatus and all other inordinate hardware. Another recommendation is make self-supporting rec centers. Exercise and the military go connected at the hip. Exercise is coordinated and required to have a fruitful military vocation. Numerous individuals go to the exercise center, deployment ready as well as needy life partners, veterans, common help laborers and regular citizens with base access. The treadmill, curved, bicycles and step climbers are the most utilized gear in the rec center because of the assorted variety of benefactors. Eco-accommodating exercise centers have been springing up around the world. † (Huey, 2008) This can be utilized to the Army’s advantage by utilizing the vitality yield from the machines being used to create the power for the lighting in the rec center and activity of TVs. Rather than having TVs on and accessible consistently, have TVs operational just on the machine while it is being used, being fueled by the administrator. â€Å"A remarkable and key element of green rec centers is that they can really utilize the vitality created from individuals practicing and utilize that to control their offices. (Huey, 2008) Obviously this may not support a whole rec center, considering cooling, warming and the size of the exercise center to incorporate playing courts, however this can help to radically bring down vitality utilization. The Army likewise squanders hardware, which can deliver contamination upon removal. This gear is the boots, coats, garbs, camel packs, Gerber devices, and so on that is given to troops. At the point when a troop finishes fundamental preparing, or training camp, the necessary introductory hardware things are given. At the point when a troop sends to an abroad area, new gear is given, regardless of whether the troop as of late finished training camp. This outcomes in a twofold issue of gear to similar soldiers, with no necessity to turn in unused or unneeded hardware. â€Å"While Soldiers have grasped the RFI procedure, they as of late distinguished one important issue territory in the RFI procedure: Their attire records having copy things that were recently given. † (Maj. Wright, 2009) Military individuals are likewise given an apparel remittance consistently for new garbs. This outcomes in cash lost and gear waste and misuse. Troops can discard unused hardware without appropriately reusing the materials. To help put a mind gear, the Army can actualize a â€Å"turn in, tag out† framework. This implies troops should turn in old, destroyed hardware, for example, boots, to be given new matches. A â€Å"tag out† on gave things will be kept electronically in a database to guarantee people are not being given twofold things. Flexibly work force can turn upward by name and decide whether the troop has just gotten a thing. With old gear being transformed into flexibly, the opportune individuals can appropriately and earth securely arrange or reuse utilized hardware. Additionally, by reporting gear that is given out and what hardware is being turned in, gracefully work force will be better prepared in requesting new things proficiently instead of requesting over the top items and squandering cash. Despite the fact that the Army has stepped toward operationalizing manageability, there are a lot more that can be taken. The Army may never be completely feasible because of various preparing missions that utilization fuel, vitality and common assets, however every exertion checks toward decreasing, reusing and discarding contamination appropriately. These advances can be applied toward other military branches also. For example, the Navy dumps a huge number of gallons of fuel into our environment to make the planes lighter and ready to arrive on transporters adrift. While this move is accomplished for security, the measure of gas put into the plane at first is known to be a lot after landing. This is a conspicuous zone to enhance. Manageability can be operationalized by each business, association and friends on the planet. â€Å"What weve found on our excursion is that actualizing supportability is a ton like executing some other corporate change activity. (Hitchcock, 2006, p. 167) The military is continually changing and continually adjusting. Taking everything into account, the Army has numerous projects and devices that are operationalizing maintainability rehearses. The P2 program is an incredible beginning to taking care of frameworks that produce waste and contamination. The progression of lessen, reuse, reuse and discard in an ecologically protected way is the correct mentality for manageability. The Army likewise has regions that can be enhanced, similarly as with any organization. The Army is gaining ground towards supportability, which is progress the correct way for a superior future. Book reference http://www.greeniacs.com/GreeniacsArticles/Gyms-Get-Sustainable.html www.gdrc.org/sustdev/ideas/19-n-step.html http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/condition/2009-03-25-pc-power-organization costs_N.htm http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/about_ikea/pdf/sustainability_Report_2009.pdf

Business Ethics and the Global Dimensions of Business free essay sample

If it's not too much trouble Follow These Procedures: If mentioned by your tutor, utilize a task spread sheet as the primary page of the word processor document. The task header ought to incorporate the Learner’s last name, first beginning, course code, run, and task number (DoeJXXX0000-1) defended to one side and the page number advocated to one side. Keep a Photocopy or Electronic Copy of Your Assignments: You may need to re-submit assignments if your tutor has demonstrated that you may or should do as such. Scholastic Integrity: All work submitted in each course should be the Learner’s own. This incorporates all assignments, tests, research papers, and different tasks required by the staff coach. The known accommodation of another person’s work spoke to as that of the Learner’s without appropriately refering to the wellspring of the work will be viewed as counterfeiting and will bring about an unsuitable evaluation for the work submitted or for the whole course, and may bring about scholastic excusal. SKS7000-8 Dr. Mary Beth Klinger Doctoral Comprehensive Strategic Knowledge Studies 1 Faculty Use Only Faculty Use Only Hi, You made a decent showing in general with your third movement with business morals and the worldwide element of business inside Asia. Your paper was set up well and pleasantly spilled out of one area to another. You included great data all through and joined various great scholarly reference sources from peer-explored writings. Your substance was all around spread out and pleasantly composed. It would be ideal if you proceed to attempt to consolidate in-content reference sources. Your APA organizing is improving, however it despite everything needs some work. It would be ideal if you see my remarks in red textual style underneath. Dr. Mary Beth KlingerGrade: 9. 44/10Date: November 7, 2012 Business Ethics and the Global Dimensions of Business By Date: November 4, 2012 Task: 3 Introduction XYZ Construction Inc. is headquartered in Denver, Colorado; the organization has 16 field workplaces spread all through 11 States. There are 2,300 all year workers with a flood of 4,500 representatives during the pinnacle development periods. XYZ Construction Inc. started in the late 1950’s as an exclusive privately-run company. As of late, the family might want to move the organization into the open part inside a year time span. XYZ Construction, Inc. performs even development with fortes in: Roads Bridges Airfields (Klinger, 2012). At present, XYZ Construction Inc. gets a dominant part of their agreements from the state government. The motivation behind this exposition is to examine and talk about moral and social issues, alongside social assorted variety while venturing into the Asian market. Additionally, we will decide whether this endeavor into the Asian market will be present moment or a drawn out undertaking. Great presentation. Social Diversity XYZ Construction Inc. must become familiar with the Asian culture so nothing will be hostile; such things are the significance of various hues, lettering, and even certain photos. Culture assorted variety could be characterized as a blend or blend of various societies; regardless of whether locally or around the world. A few associations may not acknowledge different nations esteems or morals since it might be a contention with their own. By taking a gander at the financial development inside the Asian area could help XYZ dissect where they should start and how far they can develop monetarily. Opening inside a district where you are curious about the way of life could be a defeat for association. This is the reason it’s imperative to pose the inquiry: What sort of structure would it be a good idea for us to apply to social decent variety so as to work together inside the Asian market? Great. Similarly as XYZ Construction Inc. has ecological insurance laws to follow in the United States they should likewise adhere to the Asian natural assurance laws. It would be a smart thought to get a comprehension before opening a development office in either nation in Asia. A decent beginning of learning the Asian laws would look for help from our EPA office. Accumulate the data and pass it along to the Officer accountable for the Asian Organization so the rules can be written in a manual. Other supportive data would get familiar with the Workers Compensation laws which must be put in the workplace in English and the local tongue of the nation the workplace is found. Creative thoughts. What reference sources would you be able to join into this segment? What outside source would function admirably here? Moral Issues When an American organization is attempting to get built up in different nations we should consider that country’s culture, customs, language, convictions, religion, and social viewpoints while working together universally, with the goal that we don’t affront them in an untrustworthy or indecent manner. For instance when Coca-Cola introduced their well known brand logo of a White foundation with Red lettering to the Chinese government it wasn’t acknowledged. Coca-Cola needed to turn around the brand logo hues to a Red foundation with White lettering. As expressed on Liny (2011) this agrees with the customary Chinese celebration shading: red. In china, red has unique implications to Chinese individuals. It is a customary famous celebration shading which reflects satisfaction, thriving, karma, festivity and the profound and material quest for Chinese individuals. Here’s a careful image of the Coca-Cola logo in China and the logo in the United States: Figure 1: Coca-Cola Logo Chinese versus American Another issue is a few societies don’t have confidence in directing business with ladies or teaching ladies; nonetheless, it is a demonstration of segregation inside the United States. Different administrative styles are utilized in arranging and dynamic, including a dictator style, a consultative style, a participative style, or a fair structure or authority (Executive Concepts in Business Strategy, 2011). XYZ Construction Inc. ought to likewise consider in employing a specialist that is nearby to maintain the Asian business so they have all the significant segments or within regarding how to work together inside an outside locale. One asks is it wrong utilizing a specialist inside your organization that is nearby that may harmed the nation over the long haul? What morals set of principles will the organization comply with? As expressed in the reading material, Executive Concepts in Business Strategy (2011), â€Å"Ethical challenges are available in the general universal business condition just as in singular associations leading worldwide trade† (p. 566). Here are a few parts of the code of morals: 1. The reason for the code, including (a) guideline of conduct and (b) motivation to workers 2. An announcement of yearnings that is regularly remembered for a prelude that traces the beliefs an organization tries to for its representatives. The announcement ought to incorporate the qualities and standards of the association. 3. A rundown of standards 4. A rundown of rules, if necessary 5. An announcement with respect to how the code was made 6. How the code will be executed 7. How the code will be pitched inside to workers 8. How the code will be announced remotely to constituents and publics 9. How the code will be authorized 10. An announcement with respect to how and when the code will be amended 11. More often than not, qualities, standards and rules are recorded arranged by significance Why did your text style type change here? Organizations ought not cover up nor reveal any data that will be dangerous or wrong for business, neglecting to unveil exact data can lawfully put the organization in danger and may deny other up-coming different business’s from getting the chance to go worldwide. As a trough inside the development organization, if debasement exists, how might they handle the issue? Drucker (2009), makes reference to that â€Å"business ethics† very starting point is political instead of in morals (p. 23). â€Å"It communicates a conviction that the duty which business and the business official have, definitely in light of the fact that they have social effect, must decide morals and this is a political as opposed to a moral imperative† (Drucker, p. 23). In conclusion, we can make reference to the unscrupulous practices like pay off, recruiting minors or exploiting the less blessed. Defilement is unmistakable in the Asian market because of a great deal of family-claimed business gatherings. Debasement is commonly characterized as ‘behavior which strays from the conventional obligations of an open job since private-with respect to (private club, or individual close family) monetary or status gains; or damages rules against the activity of particular sorts of private-in regards to influence’ (Nye 1967, p. 419). (Rama, 2011 p. 505) (Nye, 1967, p. 419; Rama, 2011, p. 505). These family bunch associations could impact the administration choices and the economy by not permitting or deferring endorsement of an agreement or permit to operate. Valid statements. Social Issues XYZ Construction Inc. must comprehend the social issues that may negatively affect their organization. They have a social duty paying little heed to the nation that they are in. As indicated by our course reading, Executive Concepts in Business Strategy (2011), â€Å"Social duty is the commitment an association (benefit chasing or philanthropic) must be moral, capable, and receptive to the requirements of the individuals in the association just as the bigger society. † (p. 545) Remember that your period pursues the in-content reference. To help this, Friedman’s tenet (1970) session â€Å"social obligations of business† is that â€Å"A organization is a fake individual and in this sense may have counterfeit duties, yet â€Å"business† overall can't be said to have duties, even in this dubious sense†¦. the social obligation of business is to approach accurately what it suggests for whom. † (p. 2). Every single direct statement 40 words should be set in a square citation. XYZ should positively affect the nation by utilizing ecologically safe materials alongside not abusing any laws by applying f

The Truth Behind the Monster Essays

The Truth Behind the Monster Essays The Truth Behind the Monster Essay The Truth Behind the Monster Essay Does supporting youngsters have a positive result on their life? Or on the other hand is it hereditary qualities that make youngsters the manner in which they are? Questions like these are tended to in the discussion of nature versus Nurture. This contention revolves around what controls our result: our condition or our qualities. In Mary Shelley Frankincense, Victors creation, the expectation of which was to help comprehend the idea of life and demise, brings about simply obliteration of his own life. Victor didn't sustain the beast, despite the fact that it was excited for adoration and empathy the subsequent Victor made it. Subsequent to being more than once manhandled and dismissed by others, the animal gets abhorrent. The two youngsters and the animal in Frankincense share the fundamental mental needs of adoration and fondness that must be met with the goal for them to become dynamic individuals in the public eye. The nature versus Nurture polarity is a progressing banter in brain research which bases on hereditary legacy and ecological variables to human turn of events (Richardson 16). The principle question is, would we say we are formed by our qualities or by our condition? Many accept that people shape situations. Others state situations shape people. Genera Cherry, creator of Everything Psychology, ponders when individuals achieve huge scholastic achievement, did they do so in light of the fact that they are hereditarily inclined to be effective or due to an enhancing situation? Sustaining youngsters has been demonstrated to be one of the best ways for them to become fruitful and prosperous grown-ups. The sustain side of the nature versus Nurture alludes more to individual experience and youth. As indicated by Keith Richardson, creator of Developmental Psychology, a strong sustaining can empower every youngster to succeed joyfully inside the parameters of their own impedance (Richardson 31). The vast majority are their very own result conditions. On the off chance that an individual grows up with no supporting, or family, never recognizing what it resembles to have their fundamental needs met, the person is less inclined to demonstrate love to anybody. Children who are naturally introduced to an existence of wrongdoing proceed with the life of wrongdoing since they don't have the foggiest idea about some other way. The social learning hypothesis of brain science expresses that if a kid watches forceful conduct between guardians, kin, or both, the person in question frequently duplicates this conduct, making a cycle. Youngsters should be adored so as to how cherish. Jesse K. Designated is a sentenced killer. He supposedly assaulted and killed his seven-year-old neighbor, Megan Kane, in Hamilton New Jersey on July 29, 1994. He attracted Kane into his home by offering to show her a pup. He at that point continued to assault her. Designated later choked her with a belt. He put the body in his truck, and attacked her an extra time before putting Megan in a wooden toy chest and dumping it close to Mercer County Park. At the point when they looked Jesses house that night, he was apprehensive, sweat-soaked, and kept stirring up his accounts. The following day, Denominated in the end admitted to his wrongdoings and lead the police to the spot of Means body. Proof of blood stains, hair, and fiber tests were found by police outside of Detainments home. Specialists likewise found a chomp mark coordinating Megan Kansas teeth on his hand, driving him to be seen as blameworthy of grabbing, four checks T bothered rape, Ana two tallies AT Talons murder. He Tact punishment and at least 30 years in jail (Glassblowers). All for an amazing duration, Jesse Denominated never recognized what it resembled to really be adored and thought about. His mom, a heavy drinker, who had ten distinct kids with a few men, never thought about Jesse. His dad, a fierce consumer with a criminal foundation, explicitly manhandled Jesse and his sibling for quite a while. Jesse additionally detailed watching his dad assault a multi year old young lady. As indicated by Carol Chock, a criminological social specialist, Detainments father tormented and slaughtered their pets, and that he once constrained the siblings to eat their pet hare. The family likewise lived in destitution for a significant stretch of time, and Jesse never looked for appropriate clinical consideration for his obviously theatrically youth. Under those horrendous conditions, could the homicide of Megan Kane have been a consequence of Jesse Denominated absence of sustain as a kid? At the point when Frankincenses creation previously sprung up, he was twisted, however not really a beast. His deadly activities transformed him into one, however simply after he was more than once manhandled and dismissed by people (Baldric 201). At the point when the beast seeks refuge since Victor rejects him, he watches a family over the way and perceives how individuals interface with one another. He sees fondness and love, however he additionally observes cap everything isn't constantly great. The beast reacts unequivocally to the affection the De Lackeys have for one another, and to Felids evident trouble (Baldric 201). Frankincenses creation develops the boldness to inform the De Lackeys regarding what is befalling him. They quickly dismiss him since he is certifiably not a human, and he looks twisted. Significantly after Victor relinquishes him and Felix attacks him, the beast attempts to spare a suffocating young lady. Nonetheless, in view of his appearance, the young ladies father attempts to slaughter the beast. The beast shows the sentimental thought that benevolence ND generosity are acquired characteristics in people (Bloom 201). The beast realizes that individuals disdain him in light of his repulsive appearance. He likewise discovers that society doesn't generally acknowledge individuals who look in an unexpected way. The beast even says, all men detest the torqued (Shelley 81). At the point when he slaughters William, Frankincenses sibling, this is on the grounds that he needs Victor to feel a similar agony he does. He doesnt do it in light of the nature in which he was made. The beast trusts that if Victor sympathizes with his agony, he will make an accomplice beast to adore him. Victor can't, making he beast much progressively irritated. Victor energetically acknowledges obligation regarding the animals presence, yet he neglects to comprehend that his own activities after the animals birth, just as the treatment of the animal by different people, are liable for the animals vindictive conduct (Killed 186). Victor is uninformed with regards to whom to fault for Williams passing. The beast did nothing incorrectly until he was denied by society. Like Denominated, Victor Frankincense did not have the best possible sustain as a youngster. Despite the fact that not completely portrayed in the book, his dad spent his more youthful days unendingly involved by the undertakings of his nation (Bloom 178). His mom kicked the bucket of Scarlet fever Just weeks before he left for Inconstant. Victor was additionally enamored with his embraced cousin, Elizabeth, and had further designs to wed her. Victors adolescence was not perfect, and having his mom pass in the blink of an eye before his examination could have significantly affected the result. In the start of Victors test at Inconstant, Victor trusted that by making the beast, he would increase a superior comprehension of Tie. Be that as it may, minimal 010 en Know, ten beast would Instead demolish Nils Tie. E beast executes William, Victors family is at risk for being murdered, yet Victor doesn't caution anybody. Victor additionally realizes the animal slaughtered William however won't step forward when Justine is being addressed in light of the fact that he doesnt need his family to think he is insane. The beast may have executed William, Henry, and Elizabeth, however Victor made the beast. Victor likewise realized who murdered Willi am and never let out the slightest peep when Justine kicked the bucket. All in all, who is the genuine beast here? Jesse Detainments carried out the violations he did in light of the fact that he followed the model his dad set for him. He didnt intend to hurt a youthful blameless young lady, however his dad intellectually tainted him. Jesse watched the hostility and debilitated conduct of his dad as a youngster; in this manner, he was bound to rehash them. Never realizing what a steady family life resembled, Jesse carried out a ghastly wrongdoing because of his dads abominable child rearing. Things being what they are, who is at fault in these circumstances? Jesses father set him over the edge, and Victor overlooked the beast, giving him no affection or consideration at all. Thusly, the beast went to extreme measures. Since their fundamental mental needs were not met, both Jesse and Frankincenses animal acted imprudently and without reason. Regardless of his unnatural birth, Frankincenses creation displays a similar demeanor of a little youngster finding the good and bad times of life. A case of this can be seen when the beast finds fire, I found a fire which had been left by some meandering poor people.. In my Joy I push my hand into the live set out however immediately coaxed it out again with a cry of agony (Shelley 89). The beast has no educational encounters and nobody to give him directly from wrong. The Delays can be named the beasts first returns. In spite of the fact that they might not have known it, they made him mindful of human connections and feelings. He in the long run feels the need of physical torment and craving and begins to take the Delays food. The beast says he quits taking the food since he discovered that in doing this he caused torment on the cottagers (Shelley 96). The Delays first show him thoughtfulness, love, and the obligations of loved ones. In the event that he really was a beast, he would have no limit with respect to love and friendship. Both the beast and Jesse Detainments never realized what it resembled to adore ND be cherished. In spite of the fact that they may have seen various types of the idea of adoration, the two of them never felt it for themselves. They went to calamitous measures to discover the sustain their life had needed. Both of their activities may have been off-base, yet Victor and Jesses guardians participate in their careless dynamic. It is significant for youngsters to be supported with the goal for them to succeed. Without support, their essential n

A Study Of The Negro Policeman: Book Review :: essays research papers

A Study of the Negro Policeman: Book Review Nicholas Alex, aide educator of human science at The City University of New York, holds a Ph.D. from the New School for Social Research and a B.S. from the Wharton School. He was some time ago an examination right hand with the Russell Sage Foundation, an educator at Adelphi University, and has had working involvement with his scholastic claim to fame the human science of callings and occupations-while a modern specialist in the airplane business, later as business chief of the Walden School. This is his first book. In this book Alex put forth an attempt to look at the unconventional issues of Negro police officers who live during a time which has not yet made plans to issue of disparity in an assertedly just society. He drawn intensely on the impressions of forty-one Negro police officers who made plain to me the troubles engaged with being dark in blue. Alex was worried about the manners by which the men were enrolled into the police, the nature of their relations concerning their prompt customer base, their partners, and the remainder of society. In the broadest terms, the book inspects the unique issues that Negro cops face in their endeavors to accommodate their race with their work in the present system of American qualities and convictions.      The look into for the investigation depended on concentrated meetings gathered over a time of eleven months, from December 1964 to October 1965. During that time the creator chatted with Negro police occupied with various sorts of police fortes, and men of various position and foundations. Alex was keen on saving their obscurity, and subbed code numbers for names. The language in which their contemplations were communicated is unaltered.      Most of the meetings were acquired either at the police officer's home or the creators. Some were held in parks, play areas, and luncheonettes. All of the meetings were open-finished. All the police officers would not have there discussions taped. "I realize too well what tapes can do to you," said one. "I can invalidate what you record on that cushion, however I can't if it's taped. We use tapes as well, you know." The creator was managing an exceptionally expressive and proficient gathering of men who thought of the investigation as a manner by which they could make themselves understood.      This book is sorted out well overall. It comprise of eight sections, and each part is broken into developments. The primary section discusses the police officers in the network. Inside this section principally portrays the police as what's more, occupation, and states how the police officers' activity is questionable. The second part manages the enlistment of Negroes for police work.

The Rise of the Chief Data Officer

The Rise of the Chief Data Officer With the increasing role that information technology plays in today’s business, it no longer comes as any surprise that even the entire organizational structures of companies also have to adapt. Functions are redefined, responsibilities are reassessed, and the roles of every member of the organization are reconfigured to fit the new and presumably improved organizational structure. More manpower and other resources are devoted to the business’ management and information technology. Aside from the obvious, which is the hiring of IT professionals and the procurement and use of more IT equipment, software and hardware, specific IT roles are also identified. On top of that new chain is the Chief Data Officer. © Shutterstock.com | PressmasterWe will provide some insights into 1) understanding the basics of a Chief Data Officer, 2) comparing the Chief Data Officer with the Chief Information Officer, 3) the required skills of a Chief Data Officer, and 4) the role of the Chief Data Officer in an organization.THE CHIEF DATA OFFICERYou’ve heard of the CEO (Chief Executive Officer), and even the CFO (Chief Financial Officer). You may also have come across the COO, or the Chief Operations Officer. Those who are aware of the technological arm of companies are also familiar with the Chief Information Officer (CIO) or, for other firms, the Chief Technology Officer (CTO).But what about the CDO, or the Chief Data Officer?It is understandable if many have not heard of this person or position yet. In fact, not a lot of people are aware that it actually exists.How the Chief Data Officer Came AboutBefore we can fully answer the question “Who is the Chief Data Officer?” we must first take a look at how it came about.Companies that are processing lots of data into information are used to creating positions such as a Data Processing Manager, and even went so far as to establish a Data Processing Department. The appointed Head of that division or department is tasked for all data management for the entire organization. Of course, it goes without saying that the Department is staffed by people with IT backgrounds.In effect, the data management personnel, even the Head of the division, was put to middle-management and, in smaller companies, to rank-and-file status. It wasn’t until the early 90s that the data management person’s status has been given an upgrade, and sometimes even given a place on the Executive Board. However, it remained to be a support division, providing data management services to the rest of the organization.As technology advanced, businesses became increasingly competitive, and the importance of technology in business growth became more pronounced, busines s organizations started seeing the need to pay more attention (and put more resources) to data management. It was not enough to have a single department take care of data management, while remaining a separate section or division from operations. They wanted the role of IT and data management to coincide with operations. That is when the Chief Data Officer was finally introduced.Importance of Having a CDOData has always been relegated to the backseat; this has always been a sad fact in businesses. IT professionals in the organization were, not surprisingly, also relegated to the role of “computing persons”. They were not given the credit they were due. Soon enough, it turned out that data and information are not simply there for reference; when used properly, they can actually be instrumental in reducing costs and inefficiencies, increasing revenues, and actually improve the company’s profitability and growth prospects.There is also the reality that the amount of data in busin ess is increasing exponentially, giving rise to the term “big data”. At present, data is estimated to be close to 3 zettabytes (or 3 billion terabytes!). In 2020, the amount of information to be generated in one year is estimated to be 35 zettabytes (or 35 billion terabytes), with that number increasing year over year. This data explosion made one thing exceptionally clear: data is now one of the most valuable corporate assets. Thus, there is a need for someone to manage it, alongside other executives of the organization.By giving the Chief Data Officer a seat on the Executive Board or top management of the company, there is an acknowledgement of the huge and important role played by data management or “computing” people in the organization â€" something that they definitely deserve but took a long time being recognized for.Just to give you an idea how important the role of a Chief Data Officer is: it’s not just businesses and corporate entities who appoint their own CDOs. Even governments and educational institutions are also installing this top data job in their organizational structure.The very first person to be appointed as Chief Data Officer on record was in 2003  and it was in a major financial institution. In the US, the first CDO to be appointed in government was Micheline Casey, who became the CDO for the state of Colorado. In 2015, the first CDO for the US government has been appointed by the White House, in the person of DJ Patil.Today, it is estimated that 25% of the biggest global enterprises already have appointed their respective CDOs. At the rate things are progressing right now, that number is bound to increase in the coming years.CHIEF DATA OFFICER VS. CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICERThere is a need to clearly differentiate the Chief Data Officer from the CIO, or the Chief Information Officer. There are some businesses that immediately assume that the role of the Chief Data Officer can easily be covered by the CIO as well. After all, donâ €™t they belong to the same discipline, which is “computing”? Don’t they both belong to the same division or field, which is information technology?This might be applicable in smaller organizations, but quite difficult to apply in larger companies. After all, the CIO has specific tasks to perform, such as network design and maintenance, hardware, software, and other information technology-related issues. The CIO may have his hands full with these specific tasks that he may not care too much (or at all) about data management issues.By clearly defining the roles of these two individuals, the responsibility and extent of accountability of each are also underlined. Responsibility (which includes management and use) of data is now removed from the hands of the CIO, so he can focus on his job of managing IT infrastructure, and the CDO will be able to concentrate on managing the data and use it to create value for the business. Although their jobs complement each other, it would be b est to clearly draw the line between them.The relationship between a CDO and a CIO is a collaborative one: the CIO is in charge of making sure that the IT infrastructure of the business is running smoothly, to enable the CDO to carry out its function of managing and using data for strategic decision-making.QUALIFICATIONS OF A CHIEF DATA OFFICERLet us take a quick rundown of the expected qualifications that organizations should look for in a CDO.Strong leadership and communication skills;Knowledge and expertise on the niche or industry that the business belongs to, preferably gained from both education and years of experience;Knowledge and expertise in business and IT infrastructure; andKnowledge and expertise in data management.Those are just the basic qualifications. They are bound to vary or differ, and actually become more specific, depending on the type of business or industry. For example, a financial services provider looking for a CDO may require him to have knowledge about t he financial services domain, financial industry data models and other systems specific to the financial services industry.THE ROLE OF THE CHIEF DATA OFFICEROrganizations are now fully aware of the fact that the data is independent of the systems used to run it. Many are under the impression that the two are one and the same, and it is only in recent years that the realization is finally sinking in.This separation calls for a corresponding separation of duties and responsibilities, particularly between the person running the system, and the one managing the data fed into the system.Now, what are the responsibilities of the Chief Data Officer within the organization?The Chief Data Officer is tasked with one major responsibility: to maintain and manage data throughout the organization, in line with its strategies and, ultimately, for the accomplishment of the organization’s overall business goals.If we look into the definition of federal IT officials of a Chief Data Officer, it says that the CDO is a “part data strategist and adviser, part steward for improving data quality, part evangelist for data sharing, part technologist, and part developer of new data products”.What does this responsibility entail?Legitimization of dataOne of the problems encountered by management is inconsistency with respect to standards, definitions, and even governance practices. These have often resulted to conflicts and misunderstandings, preventing them from making informed decisions. It is now up to the data processing division to provide that consistency, and it is the Chief Data Officer who is expected to lead in the definition and execution of an effective data strategy that can be used throughout the organization, from top management down to the rank-and-file.The Chief Data Officer is responsible for setting standards and principles that the entire organization must adhere to in terms of access and utilization of data. It covers standards for regulatory compliance, data p olicy, data retention, and even data security, which directly addresses issues on data flows and permissions. Data governance and stewardship practices will be formulated by the CDO, taking into consideration the overall structure of the organization, and subsequently implemented.Stewardship of dataOr, more specifically, the stewardship of useful information. This is seen as the most logical function of the Chief Data Officer, similar to that of a librarian in a public library. The office he heads â€" data processing or data management division or department â€" acts as a repository of data. The Chief Data Officer decides how to store data, what data to process, who to share the data to, and how to use the data towards the achievement of both short-term and long-term goals. He also ensures data availability whenever and wherever they are required. Of course, further probing would reveal that there is more to the job.Using data for the organization to gain competitive advantageIn the past, data was simply gathered, collected, and “pulled out” as reference when the need for it arises. The Chief Data Officer is tasked to manage this data and identify how it can be used by the organization. In short, he is responsible for leveraging the data that has been collected and use it as a competitive advantage.Data becoming a business asset means that it is part of the responsibility of all members of the organization. Where data used to be centralized, it is the job of the Chief Data Officer to manage data so as to decentralize it and enforce everyone’s responsibility towards data.It is important to note that the Chief Data Officer does not own the data; he is merely in charge of its management and governance. The ownership of the data will still remain with the divisions or branches of the organization that utilize it in their decision-making. The role of the Chief Data Manager is to provide support to those who need the data and offer a framework for their usage. How can the CDO help in transforming the organization? We only need to take a look at the information that the CDO can provide to top management to answer that question. They include, among others, customer data and other consumer insight, and data analytics on market dynamics, distribution and supply chain.Aiding operational efficiency and asset managementIt has been proven that the value of data can be monetized, since its usage can be used in increasing operational efficiency and eventually increasing revenue and overall financial performance of the business. The Chief Data Officer helps top management and the other members of the organization understand their data problems and even provide consultancy assistance when it comes to operational efficiency.Chief Data Officers are seen as “neutral conduits” or links that bridge the gap between business and IT, so that the two can work together in order to fully optimize the use of its existing resources and assets. This is the rea son why CDOs are made to report directly to the COO or even the CEO.Overall, the CDO aids in the decision-making process, providing the necessary data so that top management can come up with accurate decisions on a timely basis. Management would feel more confident about their decisions once they are backed up by information or data that have been provided by someone who is reliable, specifically the Chief Data Officer.In the same manner, this will also inspire confidence in the shareholders and potential investors, since they will feel more at ease investing money in a company with a reliable and solid data management structure.Inspiring innovation and changeLet us face the facts: top management already have their hands full with the day to day operations of the business so, more often than not, they could not be bothered to stay up to speed with the latest developments in technology. They leave that task up to the Chief Data Officer.Here is another fact: technology is constantly e volving, regardless of the industry that a business is in. Innovation is also continuously taking place, so it is highly advised among businesses to stay on top of things by regularly reviewing emerging technologies.More than just knowing “what’s new” in technology, however, the Chief Data Officer looks beyond the surface. He identifies new technological innovations that are relevant to the business, because it is a fact that not all new technology will be viable or applicable to the organization. Then he assesses how these can transform the business, whether in terms of operational capability, profitability, financial and operational performance, and the like.Identification of new opportunitiesLarge organizations and global companies do not solely rely on their marketing or RD teams for research on new market and business opportunities. They also go to the Chief Data Officer, who is in a very good position to identify these opportunities as well, by virtue of the availability of resources and avenues to gather relevant data and information.Improving customer experienceThe Chief Data Officer is also indirectly involved in the overall customer experience. The customer data he or she manages will come in handy when it comes to decision-making regarding audience engagement and customer retention. The data will also help the business develop long-term relationships, and the benefits will then trickle down positively to sales and revenue and, ultimately, profitability.Granted, there are still a lot of organizations that are on the fence about appointing their own Chief Data Officers. But once the realization fully sinks in, there is no doubt that they will also follow suit.

Crusades And Its Main Reasons - Free Essay Example

The main causes of Crusades could be looked at two perspectives. First, the development of Western Europe can be regarded as an external cause, including its church advocacy, the feudal system and the ignorant people. Second, the Byzantine decline could be considered as an internal cause, including its compromise and the divisions. As noted by Backman (2016), the Crusades can be divided into eight times and only the First Crusade was in success. The rest of seven Crusades ended in failure. Reviewing the history, the Crusades can be the invasion of Roman Holy, Western European Knights and Byzantine Feudal Lords, which against the Eastern countries in Europe. This large-scale military campaigns aimed to take back the Holy Land and it was lasted nearly two centuries (From 1096 to 1291). The Crusades had external cause and internal cause and both two causes had created a character of Christians against Islam. Every soldiers from Western Europe was wearing the Cross signature in the battle. Thus, the author will clarify the two causes with reference to Backmans theories. With regard to the external cause, three aspects will be examined in this essay. First, church formally advocated or proclaimed the battles of Crusades as a holy action for knights and soldiers, which can be direct cause for Crusades. To encourage many more feudal lords, knights and ignorant people participated in the Crusades, the church had done massive propaganda work. For instance, the church often portrayed Islam as brutality which insulted Western pilgrims and violated mainstream values. These portraits can be regarded as an excuse to trigger the aggressive wars for eastern Europe. Backman (2016) indicates the Crusades can be an unique in European history due to the battles that were formally sanctioned and blessed by the church (p. 337). The Crusades were portrayed by church as not only morally justifiable but also a positive spiritual action for ignorant people (Backman, 2016, p. 337). As a result, an aggressively combative values had delivered in society during that period. For instance, the churchs propaganda works overwhelming flooded in Western Europe during both early term and middle term of the Crusades. These propaganda works were massive, including papal parables, circulars, diplomatic documents, official announcements, letters of the Crusaders, poems, fictions, etc. Noteworthy, massively rhetorical texts were also contained in these agitprop literature (Beckman, 2016). The church came up with the demagogic slogan Liberate the Lords Grave from the Islamist occupations. The Pope also promised not only to exonerate participants in the Crusades, but also affirmed that the crusaders could get rich trophies in the East (Beckman and Axen, 2016). Thereby, the church advocacy had created an aggressive visions and co mbative hopes for feudalists and ignorant people, contributing to the different battles of the Crusades during the period. Second, feudal lords and knights were eager to seek more materials and resources to satisfy their growing desires, resulting in the invasions of Crusades. To satisfy feudal lords greedy desire for wealth and lands, they strongly supported the Crusades. Feudal lords can be considered as main initiator for the Crusades because they were directly leading knights and ignorant peasants in the aggressive wars. Since the eleventh century, the urban economy were rapid developed in Western Europe. The remarkable success can be looked at both domestic trade and global trade during that period, contributing the wealth accumulation for merchants. These had helped local economic development and enhancement of living standards. Simultaneously, the feudalists desires of pleasures were also being promoted dramatically (Beckman and Axen, 2016). However, this raised an issue that feudalists had limited materials and sources to satisfy their unlimited desire. Thus, they determined to plunder materials and sources in the East to satisfy their demand of pleasures, this can be main cause that directly result in eight battles of Crusades. Third, ignorant people were driven by mainstream values during that period and they were greatly affected by the feudalism and regions. This contributed massively violent troops for Crusades. Here, the ignorant people refers to knights and peasants. The main troops of the Crusades was the knights of Western Europe while peasants were participants but not mainstream (Beckman, 2016). During that period, the knights were greatly affected by mainstream values that advocated by the Pope and feudalists. For example, in the 11th century literature, it can be found that pious knights once attacked unarmed priests, friars and nuns. Their behaviors were ignorantly influenced by aggressive visions and comb ative hopes from church and feudalists. Meanwhile, most of the peasants in Western Europe became almost completely serfs although some peasants still kept their free identity. These free peasants also had to pay the rents to their owners. These peasants had to obey the lords order in reality and they had no choices for the behaviors and actions. Noteworthy, the countries in Western Europe was experienced the hungry and natural disasters. The agricultural economy was caught in a vicious situation. In the light of this, thousands of peasants were forced to leave their hometowns and participate in the Crusades, greatly contributing to the massive troops in the Crusades. With regard to the internal cause, twofold also would be reviewed in this essay. The Byzantine decline might be the main internal cause for the Crusades because it leaved divisions and compromise as latent danger. This essay suggests that the decline of Byzantine Empire created a favorable opportunity for the Western European invaders to launch the attack. First, Byzantine had experienced numerous invasions that contributed to the compromise of the Byzantine Empire. Reviewing the history, Byzantine Empire effectively ceased the power to held the empire for more than70 years, however, in 1278, this Empire was in tatters and lived on only as a weak confederation of four minor states (Backman, 2016, p. 343). This mainly because three generations in Byzantine deliberated to replace Orthodox Church to Roman Catholicism through plundering Byzantium and all its holdings. Empires division can be the result of Byzantines compromise. Thus, the realistic situations of division were observed by the West and the weaknesses of divided states were visible indeed. This directly triggered the invasions of the Crusades. Second, Byzantines decline mainly because of its compromise, resulting in the battles of the Crusades. Byzantines compromise also can be seen at their seeking for support from the countries in Western Europe. For example, Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos sought help from the west and even sent envoys to Pope Urban II, hoping that he could use his authority to recruit Norman, Anglo-Saxon, and Danish mercenaries to take on the infidels and Muslims. Alexios I Komnenos ignored the latent danger for Byzantine Empire as his weaknesses were exposed to the West (Beckman and Axen, 2016). Thu s, the church took advantage of this favorable opportunity to proclaim that the Brothers of the East were under attack from the Arabs, and that Righteous People of the West should provide helps and supports for the Christians of the East. Thereby, the compromise of Byzantine greatly contributed to the Crusades. Overall, the Crusades has its external causes and internal causes. In external perspective, church advocacy, feudal systems and ignorant people were major causes for the battles of Crusades. By contrast, from the perspective of internal, Byzantine Empires decline can be main causes for the Crusades. Thus, this essay suggests that different causes contributed the Crusades.

Key Determinants Liquidity In Malaysian Corporate Bond Market Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3081 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Corporate bond liquidity seems to be at the center of debate in large developed countries by many scholars, practitioners and authorities as they recognized the importance and the need of liquid bond market and its role in enhancing the markets resilience during the time of financial stress. Due to that, bond market growth often being as an underlying point by those scholars, practitioners and authorities to ensure countries can promise a liquid bond market and help them to become resilient from the financial attack significantly. Even after several initiatives given to boost up the growth of bond market but the lack of bond market liquidity still remains as major obstacle in few countries (Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Key Determinants Liquidity In Malaysian Corporate Bond Market Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Looking at a small developing country like Malaysia, the growth of the Malaysian bond can be traced back in 1970s, when the government started issuing bonds to meet the massive funding needed to boost up the countrys development. It is a crystal clear of how in 1980s, a corporate sector was heavily reliant on finance from banks as main source of funding. However, a great financial crisis in 1997 has given a major lesson not to really relying with only one source. Thus, it has led to an aggressive intention given to Malaysian bond market when corporate sector is now giving an aggressive initiative in increasing the Malaysian bond issuance as another source of funding. In a mean time, initiatives from the authorities also help the continuation of grow for Malaysian bond market. The initiative can be deeply felt when Securities Commission was established in March 1993 that act as a single regulatory body to promote the development of capital market. Prior to the establishment of S ecurities Commission, a set of guidelines for private debt securities also introduced. Other authorities introduced are known as the Rating Agency Malaysia Berhad (RAM) and Malaysian Rating Corporation Berhad (MARC) in 1990 and 1995 respectively that mainly aim at providing independent opinions for potential risk of debt issuers. In addition, the establishment of Bond Dealers Association in 1996 to promote bond market has shown another initiative taken to enhance the development of Malaysian bond market. In 1997, the introduction of Bond Information and Dissemination System (BIDS) that replaced to Electronic Trading Platform (ETP) has mainly functions to facilitate efficient trading and promote transparency of information related to domestic debt securities. Those establishments are fundamentally aimed at helping the development and liquidity of Malaysian bond market. Reviewing back at those establishments and initiatives, there is no surprise to see a tremendous growth of bon d market in Malaysia but a lack of market liquidity (Shimizu, 2008) still continuously being at top of the topic interest. Therefore, for that reason, there are purposes of aggressively highlighting this issue to promote sufficient liquidity in bond market and help one country to be resilient from financial attack. Briefly, corporate bond liquidity often measured by volume of trading, trade frequency and turnover ratio (Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull 2005, Bao 2009 and Mahanti et. al 2008). Samples of few other studies indicate that corporate bond liquidity had mainly connected with the spread of bid-ask. As emphasized by Chan et al, 2007, they have measured liquidity using volume of corporate bond traded and bid ask spread and briefly, they suggested that the higher the volume of trading and the spread of bid ask, the liquid the bond will be. Therefore for the purpose of this study, it intends to look on the determinants that might possibly affect the liquidity of bond market as it will draw upon the result of this analysis to find ways to improve liquidity and in mean time open up gate for government to set up actions and recommendation to ensure that the liquidity market can be achieved. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Though, massive initiatives generated by the Malaysian government with several rules regulated, studies of corporate bond liquidity often centered in US market and other developed countries only (Chan et al, 2007). This phenomenon is seen as rare to be extensionally studied in small developing countries like Malaysia. Therefore, this study seeks to fill the gap of previous unexploited data and limitation and yet it aims to transfer our focus to thoroughly understand and examine the pattern of corporate bond liquidity in Malaysia and mean while investigate key determinants that might be possibly affect the liquidity of our corporate bond issuance. In a mean time, despite intensive initiatives given by government in promoting an infinite development of bond market, low liquidity in Malaysian bond market still be a serious problem and must be improved (Shimizu, 2008). He added that under the active easing of regulation, bond market have been growing continuously but surprised to se e that the liquidity level is low. His argument has supported by the facts as shown below. Chart 1: Trading volume for Malaysian corporate bond. Source: (Asian Bond Online, 2010) If zoom in at one of the said measurements of corporate bond liquidity which is trading volume, it is clear (chart 1) where trading volume for corporate bond has shown a steady declining pattern since last June 2004 until December 2009. Closely zoom at the graph will show us that Malaysian corporate bond reached USD14.93 billion of trading volume in June 2004 but later it has experienced a steady drop to USD3.26 billion of trading volume in March 2009. Only a few months later it has recorded slight increase in trading by USD 4.33 billion in last December (Asian Bond Online, 2010). As Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005 and Chan et al, 2007 suggested that trading volume of corporate bond issuing plays a positive correlation in determining the liquidity of corporate bond; obviously based on the st atistic given, it could safely write down here that our corporate bond market is getting illiquid. Perhaps, there may be some arguments and factors could be placed in to describe this situation of less volume of trading corporate bond traded in Malaysian bond market which this can be thoroughly studied. Chart 2: Bid Ask spread for Malaysian corporate bond. Source: (Asian Bond Online, 2010) As explained at the previous, bid Ask spread is said as another measure used to estimate the liquidity of corporate bond and it is suggested that if the spread of bid ask is getting larger, it shows that the liquidity is going to be higher (Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005). Based on the chart (chart 2), it is a crystal clear that the liquidity of corporate bond is getting illiquid starting from 2004 to 2009. A study by Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005, indicates that lack of liquidity has made investors reluctant to trade bonds actively, with a large number of market players pre fers holding government bonds to maturity instead of buying and selling it out actively. Therefore, this could be another point to develop a study to see factors that could possibly affect the liquidity of Malaysian corporate bond issuance. Despite proposing current trend of trading volume and bid ask spread of Malaysian corporate bond, many several important points could be noted down to explain why Malaysian bond market is important to be studied. There are several interesting points could be highlighted as described by Chan et al, 2007. First, though Malaysian bond market is said as small but it diverse with the capitalization of the ringgit corporate bond market was only $60 billion at end of 2006. Chan et al, 2007 added that often one bond market will be more liquid with the help of its sophisticated infrastructure and how fast is the growth and development on that market. In terms of the heterogeneity of instruments and sophisticated instruments, Malaysia seems to be at top compare with other small developing countries and some of the develop countries. This makes Malaysia as a significant test case to examine whether those play significant roles in determining the liquidity of Malaysian bond market by studying its key determinants. Next, two corporate bond market exists in Malaysia; Islamic and conventional instrument. Liquidity tends to concentrate in certain instruments and therefore such market fragmentation can have a detrimental impact on liquidity. At the same time, the growth of the Islamic bond market has the potential to increase the diversity of the investor base and thereby boost trading activity (Chan et al, 2007) and it is unclear which development will dominate. Due to that, it is relevant to understand the liquidity of corporate bond market specifically aim at Malaysia bond market. Therefore, this study is interested in to find out as to whether the shopisticated instruments and massive initiatives generated by Malaysian gover nment determine the liquidity of corporate bond and mean time investigate several key determinants that could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 1.2.1 To examine factors that could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia 1.2.2 To determine the key determinants of corporate bond liquidity in Malaysia. 1.2.3 To explore the reasons of limited use of corporate bond in Malaysia. RESEARCH QUESTIONS This research is conducted with the aim to answer the research questions as follows: 1.3.1 What are the factors affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia? 1.3.2 What are the key determinants of corporate bond liquidity in Malaysia? 1.3.3 What are the reasons of the limited used of corporate bond in Malaysia? SCOPE OF STUDY This study attempts to analyze factors that determine the liquidity in corporate bond in Malaysia. This study intends to use the last five years period which starts from 2005 to 2009 to figure out factors which could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia for the said period. Basically, this study will center its focus only for these recent years as it is seen as could possibly help to understand better if macroeconomic event says global mortgage crisis in 2008 plays its impact in disturbing the liquidity of corporate bond specifically at Malaysian market. Four variables will be employed to conduct to study namely corporate bond liquidity, issuance size, risk and stock market performance. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY By carrying out this study, it is hoped that the researcher could come to understand what factors could possibly affect the liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia and how it affect the liquidity of this corporate bond. This paper also hopes to thoroughly study the trend of corporate bond liquidity in these recent five years. These anticipated findings could help the relevant bodies specifically to corporations and authorities to further understand the key determinants that could give an impact to the corporate bond liquidity as it important to be revealed for the purpose of setting up initiatives to ensure that the development and liquidity of corporate bond in Malaysia is always in line. The paper also considers what policy actions the government and central bank can take to ensure that these key determinants are achieved, providing recommendations for the authorities role in creating an environment which best facilitates a liquid in bond market. It is seem to be significan t to corporations as they are the main players that can generate liquidity in bond market with their active trade. At the same time, from that understanding they could take appropriate measures in encouraging more trading in debt securities as it has proved as another source of funding which helps many countries to be resilience during the time of financial stress. (Corporations) The other minor benefits could potentially exist is from the literatures and secondary data gathered by this study could also help the related parties specifically future researchers as source of information and reference relating to the issue studied. CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE Since last couple of decades, corporate bond is seen as an alternative source of financing and even in Malaysia; corporate bond financing has become as important as bank lending (Shimizu, 2008). Fundamentally, corporate bond can be interchangeably known as private debt securities (PDB) and initially are issued by private and public corporations that mainly aim at raising funds for multiple types of purposes (Mahanti et.al, 2008). Even in Malaysia, corporations have turned their attention towards the bond market as a viable alternative to bank borrowings and the equity market for the reason of business expansion and financial stability for the country significantly. This is where corporate bond market registered an annual growth of 8% since year 2000 and has reached the size of RM 209.7 billion as at early July 2007 (Bond Hub, 2010). As discussed earlier, despite experiencing tremendous efforts that has been put in by government to ensure infinite growth in bond market, bond mark et liquidity still being at the center of focus. This has been proved by a great deal of literature on why bond market liquidity is important and on the various determinants of liquidity (Mahanti et.al, 2008 and Shimizu, 2008). Basically, bond liquidity is said as subjective according to how we measure the liquidity level of it (Houweling et. al, 2005). The definition of liquidity is depending on what measure every different people use on it as added by them. One common measure that often will be used to indicate the level of bond liquidity is bid ask spread. This is shown when Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005 have used bid ask spread to identifies and analyzes the key of liquidity in the Thai bond market. As what have been quoted by Edward et.al, 2007 as cited by Bao et. Al, 2009.. .. A simple measure of corporate bond liquidity is the effective bid-ask spread and the bid ask spread is seen as direct and an important indicator of bond liquidity.. Despite using the bi d ask spread, trading volume also has widely used by researchers. According to Chan et al, 2007, trading volume is suggested as closely related to depth of the market. In addition, as what concluded by Committee on the Global Financial System as excerpted by Chan et al, 2007.. ..Liquidity has at least three dimensions; tightness, depth and resiliency. Tightness refers to trading cost, specifically how far transaction prices diverge from the mid market price. While depth refers to the volume of trades and resiliency refers to the speed.. As suggested by Chako Mahanti 2005, trading volume and bid ask spread are known as conventional measure of liquidity and have been widely used by many practitioners. They then suggested a new measure of bond liquidity which does not use transactional information; instead it uses information about the ownership of securities to measure the accessibility of security by a security dealer. This is called as latent liquidity. In other review, it is said that bond market liquidity may be reduced due to the lack of new bonds issued or in other words a lack of trading volume (Nielsan et. al, 2009). This is why some countries have required minimums for issuing bond because there are corporations which prefer to generate income through sources outside the bond market due to this lack as concluded by them. After several reviews has been made, variety of factors identified as determinants of bond liquidity. In a paper completed by Mahanti et.al 2008, they have investigated bond liquidity by connecting it with credit rating, issue size, age, original maturity value at issue date and optionally such callability, putability or convertibility. As a result, they found that all have a strong impact on bond liquidity. Similarly, Chan et al, 2007 suggested that liquidity is commonly perceived to be positively correlated with the size of bond. The rational is that the supply potentially available for trading is greater for larger issues. In addition, a negative correlation is reported between liquidity and the riskiness of bond. This risk is known as a liquidity risk which can be proxied by using maturity and the credit quality of a bond can be captured using agencies of credit rating (Chan et. al, 2007). They do suggested market condition as one of the determinants that plays a role in determining bond liquidity. As again quoted by Chan et. al, 2007, they suggested that macroeconomic or financial conditions might lead to reduce their risk exposure, hence resulting in a deterioration in market liquidity. In their paper, they have taken stock index as determinant using daily indices. In addition to the above point, as what have been quoted by Bario (2000) as cited Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005.. ..Macroeconomic factors may also play a role in determining market liquidity. However, points out that the factors determining liquidity or the degree significant can differ substantially during of market stres s.. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODLOGY Research Design The study is relying on the secondary data and will be conducted by utilizing models and theories which adopted from previous studies. First, to examine the level of corporate bond liquidity, a standard approach will be employed. This model which is known as basic least square equation is adopted from a study done by Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005. Briefly, this model indicates that the liquidity is measured by utilizing daily bid ask spread, trading volume and yield volatility for corporate bond. An equation is shown as below: (Adopted from Panyanukul and Chabchitrchaidol, 2005) Once desired data are completely gathered and computed, it will then be analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program. SPSS were chosen since it contains the tool for performing statistical analyses and provide comprehensive method for describing and tabulating on data for hypothesis testing and for multiple regression and correlation. Theoretical Framework Issuance size Risk Corporate Bond Liquidity Kuala Lumpur Composite Index Independent Variables Dependent Variable Variable Proxy Corporate bond liquidity Trading volume, Bid ask spread Yield Volatility (Adapted from Chan et al, 2007, Chabchitrchaidol and Panyanukull, 2005 by Bao et. A, 2009) Issuance size Size of bond issued (Adapted from Mahanti et.al 2008 and Chan et. al, 2007) Risk Credit rating (Adapted from Chan et. al, 2007) Kuala Lumpur composite index FKLI (Adapted from Chan et. al, 2007) 3.3 Data Collection Method Secondary Data This study will be much relying on the internal and external secondary data. As most of the data needed are published in the data based, it is hoped that it can help the researcher to run the analysis to answer those research questions. Initially, the internal data will be gathered from several medium identified namely Electronic Trading Platforms (ETP) which formerly known as Bond Information and dissemination System (BIDS), Bursa Malaysia, Asian Bond Online and other related data based. The data will be employed is a weekly observation data on bid ask spread , trading volume , FBM KLCI, size of bond issued and other related data. Briefly, the data based provides researcher with some desired data related to bond trading. Once data collection process is done and computation is done by employing previous applied measure, it will be analyzed using regression to see the significant correlation that could potentially exist between variables as described earlier. An external secondary data will be retrieved from articles, journal, reports, newspaper and other possible sources.